The nickel is the chemical element with atomic number 28 and symbol Ni. The simple nickel body is a metal.Nickel is a d-block transition metal element , the lightest in Group 10 .

discovery of nickel

Nickel is frequently associated with cobalt in mining deposits, it is particularly appreciated for the alloys. The simple body, a dense silvery-white metal, harder and more tenacious than iron, was isolated in 1751 from nickel arsenides, generically referred to as Kupfernickel in German, kopparnickel in Swedish or “nickeline” in French, by the Swedish chemist, Baron Axel Frederik von Cronstedt .

The operator, a former pupil of Georg Brandt , a master arsenide specialist and discoverer of the element cobalt, studies green residues from a cobalt ore mine in Helsingland. Is this a last attempt at the start to extract copperof this greenish ore, this “Kupfernickel” once considered a sort of “devil’s copper” since it has the greenish appearance of it and rejected by experienced miners if they detected it before the kiln stage? He obtained first by heating in the presence of sulfur and potassium carbonate of nickel oxide before reducing it to nickel oxide crucible Brasque with activated carbon to obtain a powder which, when compacted and setting lamella gives a sample of shiny white metal which he trivially calls “nickel”, to signify that it was in his opinion not copper or at least a “false copper”.

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 Nickel Isotopes

Nickel has 31 isotopes with a mass number ranging from 48 to 78, as well as seven nuclear isomers . It exists in nature as five stable or near-stable isotopes

Physical and chemical properties of nickel

Nickel is a silvery-white, sometimes slightly grayish metal, with a density of 8.9. There are two allotropic varieties , Ni αunstable hexagonal and Ni β cubic face centered, most stable variety.

This cubic mesh crystalline body is often already shiny, it has a beautiful shiny luster by polishing. It is part of the group of non-ferrous metals . Nickel is classified as a transition metal , it is a fairly hard solid body, the hardest of the metals after chromium , tenacious, ductile , malleable , in particular more malleable than cobalt. For the metallurgist, the mechanical properties of nickel are similar to those of iron. It can be rolled and stretched into fairly fine threads.

Centimeter malleable nickel wafer
Nickel is a good conductor of heat and electricity. It is ferromagnetic .

Physical properties of nickel

The mesh of nickel β is face-centered cubic with a crystalline parameter of 0.352 nm , which corresponds to an atomic radius of 0.124 nm . This crystal structure is stable up to pressures of at least 70 GPa .

Nickel, like cobalt, is more tenacious than iron. Its break is fibrous. Metal less fusible than iron, but more fusible than chrome, it is easy to work. Its bulk density can vary after work hardening, the parts showing a bulk density going from 8.3 to 8.8.

Applications of nickel

The global production of nickel is presently used as follows: 68% in stainless steel; 10% in nonferrous alloys; 9% in electroplating; 7% in alloy steel; 3% in foundries; and 4% other uses (including batteries).

Nickel is used in many specific and recognizable industrial and consumer products, including stainless steel, alnico magnets, coinage, rechargeable batteries, electric guitar strings, microphone capsules, plating on plumbing fixtures, and special alloys such as permalloy, elinvar, and invar. It is used for plating and as a green tint in glass. Nickel is preeminently an alloy metal, and its chief use is in nickel steels and nickel cast irons, in which it typically increases the tensile strength, toughness, and elastic limit. It is widely used in many other alloys, including nickel brasses and bronzes and alloys with copper, chromium, aluminium, lead, cobalt, silver, and gold (Inconel, Incoloy, Monel, Nimonic).

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Biological role of nickel

Although it was not recognized until the 1970s, nickel is known to play an important role in the biology of some plants, eubacteria, archaebacteria, and fungi. Nickel enzymes such as urease are considered virulence factors in some organisms. Urease catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to form ammonia and carbamate.

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